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Metallurgical Engineering Physical Metallurgy Difficulty: Medium

'T'h'e' 'd'i'f'f'e'r'e'n'c'e' 'i'n' 'p'o't'e'n't'i'a'l' 'b'e't'w'e'e'n' 't'w'o' 's't'a'n'd'a'r'd' 'h'a'l'f' 'c'e'l'l's' 'i's' 'Δ'E'°'.' 'I'f' 't'h'e' 'h'a'l'f' 'c'e'l'l' 'a'r'e' 'g'a'l'v'a'n'i'c'a'l'l'y' 'c'o'u'p'l'e'd',' 't'h'e' 'v'a'l'u'e' 'o'f' 'Δ'E'°',' 'w'i't'h' 'c'h'a'n'g'e's' 'i'n' 'c'o'n'c'e'n't'r'a't'i'o'n' 'o'f' 'i'o'n's' 'i'n' 't'h'e' 's'o'l'u't'i'o'n',' 'i's' 's'u'c'h' 't'h'a't' The limiting condition for the appearance of the miscibility gap in a binary solution is Where, G is the Gibbs free energy and X is the mole fraction of component Z. What are the parameters that metal shrinkage depends? Percentage of nickel present in concentrated Ni ore is For random distribution of particle size, standard deviation is defined in such a way that: